Across the last 50 or so years, technological advances have rapidly propelled the value of knowledge work over various forms of manual labor. This differentiation has classically been the blue-collar/white-collar divide. But as automation increases and manual labor requirements drop as a result, the dividing ling shifts. What used to be called knowledge-working jobs are rapidly becoming forms of "manual" knowledge work. Assembling software, running operations, and monitoring systems are so automated at the top and so complicated underneath that the skills for doing them can be seen as a form of manual labor. This session will discuss this transition and possible effects and outcomes.